[16] This has been proposed by Bakker[18][23] and opposed by Carpenter. [4], The long and narrow skull was small in proportion to the body. Bakker had resurrected D. laticeps in 1986,[18] although others note that the material is non-diagnostic and likely synonymous with S. Triceratops lived in the Late Cretaceous period, around 68 to 65.5 million years ago. Of the species that have been classified in the upper Morrison Formationof the western US, only three are universally recognized; S. stenops, S. ungulatus and S. sulca… [34], Stegosaurus stenops had four dermal spikes, each about 60–90 centimetres (2–3 ft) long. The name refers to the interesting nature of Brachiosaurus legs which were longer at the front than the back. In the past, some palaeontologists, notably Robert Bakker, have speculated the plates may have been mobile to some degree, although others disagree. Initially, several species were described. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. The function of the plates has been much debated. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armour show that, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted. Originating in the Late Jurassic period of North America, Stegosaurus was first cloned by InGen in the early 1990s, and were planned to be exhibited in the original Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar. [26] The largest plates were found over the animal's hips and measured 60 centimetres (2 ft) wide and 60 centimetres tall. One of the major subjects of books and articles about Stegosaurus is the plate arrangement. Some form of armour appears to have been necessary, as it coexisted with large predatory theropod dinosaurs, such a… The skull's low position suggests that Stegosaurus may have been a browser of low-growing vegetation. Stegosaurus seeleyanus, originally named Hypsirophus, is probably the same as S. armatus. It has also appeared in many movies and TV shows. Stegosaurus is often said to have had a brain the size of a walnut. Stegosaurus stenops, meaning "narrow-faced roof lizard", was named by Marsh in 1887,[13] with the holotype having been collected by Marshal Felch at Garden Park, north of Cañon City, Colorado, in 1886. The basis for its scientific name, 'roof(ed) lizard' has been thought to have been Marsh's initial belief that the plates lay flat over the animal's back, overlapping like the shingles (tiles) on a roof. A sketch of a Stegosaurus forms an important plot point in the opening chapters of The Lost World by Arthur Conan Doyle. Early reconstruction of Stegosaurus with plates lying flat along the back and tail spikes evenly distributed all over the body. Stegosaurus must be able to have good enough skin to take attacks from the predators as never had been shown in reality that Stegosaurus had armor-like scutes on the skin of the neck, the pelvic area (the hips) and perhaps on the sides of some species. Averaging around 10 metres (33 ft) long and 4 metres (13 ft) tall, the quadrupedal Stegosaurus is one of the most easily identifiable dinosaurs, due to the distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates rising vertically along its arched back and the two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of its tail. [41], In September 2002, a hoax poster was presented at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology entitled "The case for Stegosaurus as an agile, cursorial biped", ostensibly by T. R. Karbek (an anagram of R. T. Bakker) from the non-existent "Steveville Academy of Palaeontological Studies". Stegosaur, any of the plated dinosaur species, including Stegosaurus and Tuojiangosaurus of the Late Jurassic period (about 161 million to 146 million years ago) and Wuerhosaurus of the Early Cretaceous (about 146 million to 100 million years ago). [5] More recently, it has been argued that this space (also found in sauropods) may have been the location of a glycogen body, a structure in living birds whose function is not definitely known but which is postulated to facilitate the supply of glycogen to the animal's nervous system.[24]. Its array of plates and spikes has been the subject of much speculation. Sculptor Jim Gary created several, almost-life-sized versions of Stegosaurus. [31] The argument has been a major one in the history of dinosaur reconstruction. A Stegosaurus neck bone had a bite mark that matched to an Allosaurus. The origin of Stegosaurus is uncertain, as few remains of basal stegosaurs and their ancestors are known. 6,800 lbs is equal to: Two times the weight of the average NASCAR race car. Stegosaurus , from Greek stegos (στέγος), which means roof, and sauros (σαῦρος), which means lizard, is a genus of herbivorous thyreophoran dinosaur. Because of its short front legs, its head was close to the ground, probably no higher than 1 m (3.3 ft). Kentrosaurus generally measured around 4.5 metres (15 ft) in length as an adult, and weighed about one tonne (1.1 tons).It walked on all fours with straight hindlimbs. As further and complete plates were found, their form showed that they stood on edge, rather than lying flat. They lived some 150 to 145 million years ago, in an environment and time dominated by the giant sauropods Diplodocus, Camarasaurus, and Apatosaurus. The armor was necessary as it lived with such meat-eaters as Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus. It had a small antorbital fenestra, the hole between the nose and eye common to most archosaurs, including modern birds, though lost in extant crocodylians. The idea that Stegosaurus had a "brain the size of a walnut" (an oft-repeated phrase), was not quite accurate.It had a brain the size of a dog's, but in proportion to its body, the brain was very small. By the early 1960s, this had become (and remains) the prevalent idea, mainly because the one. Four possible plate arrangements have been mooted over the years: There has been debate about whether the tail spikes were used for display only, as posited by Gilmore in 1914[14] or used as a weapon. The plates had blood vessels running through grooves and air flowing around the plates would have cooled the blood. [11], Stegosaurus affinis, described by Marsh in 1881, is only known from a pubis and is considered a nomen dubium. The spikes were most likely used for defense, while the plates have also been proposed as a defensive mechanism, as well as having display and thermoregulatory (heat control) functions. Stegosaurus usually grew to a length of about 6.5 metres (21 feet), but some reached 9 metres (30 feet). The fact that an animal weighing over 4.5 tonnes (5 US short tons) could have a brain of no more than 80 grams (2.8 oz) contributed to the popular old idea that dinosaurs were unintelligent, an idea now largely rejected.[6]. The inset placement in the jaws suggests that Stegosaurus had cheeks to keep food in their mouths while they chewed. It had a small, elongated head with a beak used to bite off plant material that would be digested in a … Stegosauria lies within the Thyreophora, or armoured dinosaurs, a suborder which also includes the more diverse ankylosaurs. These first bones became the first species of Stegosaur named: Stegosaurus armatus. His reasoning for these plates to be covered in horn is that the surface fossilized plates have a resemblance to the bony cores of horns in other animals known or thought to bear horns, and his reasoning for the plates to be defensive in nature is that the plates had insufficient width for them to stand erect easily in such a manner as to be useful in display without continuous muscular effort. "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, part IX. Some form of armour appears to have been necessary, as it coexisted with large predatory theropod dinosaurs, such as the fearsome Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus. Stegosaurus, (genus Stegosaurus), one of the various plated dinosaurs (Stegosauria) of the Late Jurassic Period (159 million to 144 million years ago) recognizable by its spiked tail and series of large triangular bony plates along the back. It had large, broad plates and four tail spikes. At least three species have been identified in the upper Morrison Formation and are known from the remains of about 80 individuals. Although a large animal, it was dwarfed by its contemporaries the giant sauropods. The reason that Ta Prohm has become important for those interested in living populations of dinosaurs is a creature engraved on the walls of the temple that, to some, bears a striking resemblance to a stegosaurus. 344-345. This has led to the famous idea that dinosaurs like Stegosaurus had a 'second brain' in the tail, which may have been responsible for controlling reflexes in the rear portion of the body. Initially, Marsh described S. armatus as having eight spikes in its tail, unlike S. stenops. The only interactions between Stegosaurus and humans are in movies and television. [8] The earliest stegosaurid (the genus Lexovisaurus) is known from the Oxford Clay Formation of England and France, giving it an age of early to middle Callovian. The most recognizable features of Stegosaurus are its dermal plates, which consisted of 17 separate flat plates. [5] It has been depicted in many ways; on film, in cartoons, comics, as children's toys, and as sculpture. Marsh OC; 1887. Well, humans sure have egos. [18] More recently, a study of tail spikes by McWhinney et al.,[33] which showed a high incidence of trauma-related damage, confirms the spikes were indeed used in combat. Soon after its discovery, Marsh considered Stegosaurus to have been bipedal, due to its short forelimbs. Maidment, Susannah C.R., and Norman, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; and Upchurch, Paul; in press. It is on display in the University of Wyoming Geological Museum. The teeth were variously attributed to a stegosaur, the theropod Majungasaurus,[19] a hadrosaur or even a crocodylian. Stegosaurus has been declared the State Dinosaur of Colorado. It ate low-growing plants because of this. They must be able to take some attacks from predator… The stegosaurians must have been successful, as they became speciose and geographically widely distributed, in the late Jurassic. [4], Stegosaurus did have very short forelimbs, in relation to its hind legs. Fossil specimen of Stegosaurus stenops shown as it was found. The hind feet each had three short toes, while each forefoot had five toes; only the inner two toes had a blunt hoof. It was shorter than S. armatus, at 7 metres (23 ft). In terms of size, the Stegosaurus was large and heavily built. The Transformers toyline and related television series features four characters which can transform into stegosaurids: Snarl, Slugfest, Saberback and Striker. Stegosaurus (Diracodon) laticeps was described by Marsh in 1881, from some jawbone fragments. Stegosaurus was the first-named genus of the family Stegosauridae. At 10 metres (33 ft), it was the longest species within the genus Stegosaurus. Initially thought of as some form of armour,[21] they appear to have been too fragile and ill-placed for defensive purposes, leaving the animal's sides unprotected. All four limbs were supported by pads behind the toes. Stegosaurus longispinus, meaning "long-spined roof lizard", was named by Charles W. Gilmore[14] and known from one partial skeleton, from the Morrison Formation in Wyoming. Earlier still is Scelidosaurus, from Early Jurassic England, which lived approximately 190 million years ago. Choose the best answer. Stegosaurus, one of the many dinosaurs first collected and described in the Bone Wars, was originally named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877,[10] from remains recovered north of Morrison, Colorado. This was reported in New Scientist magazine, where it was remarked that Stegosaurus was generally believed to be "about as cursorial as a fridge-freezer".[42]. stenops. The back legs each had three short toes, while the front legs had five toes. [5], Tracks discovered by Matthew Mossbrucker of the Morrison Natural History Museum from Colorado suggest that Stegosaurus lived in multi-age herds. Stegosaurus armatus, meaning "armoured roof lizard", was the first species to be found and is known from two partial skeletons, two partial skulls and at least thirty fragmentary individuals. These first bones became the holotype of Stegosaurus armatus. Kentrosaurus Size compared to a human. The head of the stegosaurus was quite small and insignificant compared to the enormous size of its body. [16] Palaeontologists believe it would have eaten plants such as mosses, ferns, horsetails, cycads and conifers or fruits[36] and swallowed gastroliths to aid food processing (due to the lack of chewing ability), in the same manner used by modern birds and crocodiles. Bakker also observed that Stegosaurus could have maneuvered its rear easily, by keeping its large hindlimbs stationary and pushing off with its very powerfully muscled but short forelimbs, allowing it to swivel deftly to deal with attack. Although it makes no actual appearance in the film, the name is used; it is on one of the embryo vials stolen (misspelled as 'Stegasaurus'). Most of the information known about Stegosaurus comes from the remains of mature animals; however more recently juvenile remains of Stegosaurus have been found. It even was declared the State Dinosaur of Colorado in 1982. Stegosaurus is a dinosaur that lived around 155 million years ago—during the Jurassic Period—in the Western portion of North America and parts of Europe. Stegosaurus is among the most recognizable of dinosaurs. [25] Bakker suggested that the plates were the bony cores of pointed horn-covered plates that a Stegosaurus could flip from one side to another in order to present a predator with an array of spikes and blades that would impede it from closing sufficiently to attack the Stegosaurus effectively. Ironically, despite the tiny brain size of Stegosaurus, he is portrayed as the most intelligent of the characters in the show. Gary Larson's The Far Side comic strip often used stegosaurs when he showed dinosaurs. Farlow JO, Thompson CV, Rosner DE, 1976; "Plates of the dinosaur, Main RP, Padian K, Horner J, 2000; "Comparative histology, growth and evolution of archosaurian osteoderms: why did, Mayell, H, "Stegosaur plates used for identification", from National Geographic News, (25th May, 2005. Stegosaurus was originally named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877, from fossils found near Morrison, Colorado. The earlier and more basal genus Huayangosaurus from the Middle Jurassic of China (some 165 million years ago) predates Stegosaurus by 20 million years and is the only genus in the family Huayangosauridae. This is the case for Stegosaurus marshi, which was described by Lucas in 1901. Rock layers. Paleontologists Once Thought Stegosaurus Had a Brain in Its Butt. These were highly modified osteoderms (bony-cored scales), similar to those seen in crocodiles and many lizards today. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stegosaurus&oldid=7345754, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Stegosaurus was the largest of all the stegosaurians (bigger than genera such as Kentrosaurus and Huayangosaurus) and, although roughly bus-sized, it nonetheless shared many anatomical features (including the tail spines and plates) with the other stegosaurian genera. The arrangement of the plates has long been a subject of debate but most palaeontologists now agree that they formed a pair of alternating rows, one running down each side of the midline of the animal's back. A study published in 2005 supports the idea of their use in identification. Some consider it a species of Kentrosaurus. In 2006, a specimen of Stegosaurus was announced from Portugal, showing that they were present in Europe as well. The plates lay flat along the back, like armour. Stegosaurus ungulatus, meaning "hoofed roof lizard", was named by Marsh in 1879, from remains recovered at Como Bluff, Wyoming. [27] More recently, researchers have proposed that they may have helped to control the body temperature of the animal,[25] in a similar way to the sails of the large carnivorous Spinosaurus or of the pelycosaur Dimetrodon (and the ears of modern elephants and jackrabbits). The endocast showed that the brain was indeed very small, maybe the smallest among the dinosaurs. [21] He had changed his mind however, by 1891, after considering the heavy build of the animal. Furthermore, within the hindlimbs, the lower section (comprising the tibia and fibula) was short compared with the femur. It is the type genus that gives its name to the family. Stegosaurus had very short forelimbs in relation to its hind legs. Pp. Its skull was very small in proportion to its body and it had a very small brain compared to its large body. That may not seem like such a big number, so let's look at the EQs of some other mammals: on this scale, wildebeests weigh in at .68, African elephants at .63, and opossums at .39. Though Stegosaurus could grow to 9 m (29.5 ft) in length and weigh 5.3–7 metric tons (5.8–7.7 short tons), it’s brain was extremely tiny by comparison.Stegosaurus’s brain only grew up to 80 g (2.8 oz), about the size of that of a modern-day dog. It came up against Ceratosaurus in Journey to the Beginning of Time (1954), in The Animal World (1956), the documentary When Dinosaurs Roamed America (2001),and Jurassic Fight Club where it also faces Allosaurus (2008). Stegosaurus madagascariensis from Madagascar is known solely from teeth and was described by Piveteau in 1926. What makes this creature saurian in appearance are protrusions on its back that look like the dorsal plates of the well-known dinosaur. In the movie Howard the Duck, Howard walks under a Jim Gary Stegosaurus when a museum display of the sculptor's work is used as a set for the 1986 film, which was produced by George Lucas. The skull of Stegosaurus was long and narrow. A 95% complete Allosaurs fossil specimen called Big Al was discovered near Shell, Wyoming, in 1991. It was renamed Hoplitosaurus in 1902. The words "Business Insider". This suggests that it couldn't walk very fast, as the stride of the back legs at speed would have overtaken the front legs, giving a maximum speed of 6–7 kilometres per hour (4–5 mi/hr). Stegosaurus was a member of the Thyreophora, or armored dinosaurs, a family of dinosaurs which includes the ankylosaurs. Stegosaurian chewing teeth were small and triangular and did little grinding as they lacked wear surfaces. The stegosaurs were a clade of animals similar in appearance, posture and shape that mainly differed in their array of spikes and plates. They were two of the last species of dinosaurs to exist before mass extinction. Like S. stenops, it grew to 7 metres (23 ft) in length. Fossils of this genus date to the Late Jurassic period, where they are found in Kimmeridgian to early Tithonian aged strata, between 155 and 150 million years ago, in the western United States and Portugal. Stegosaurus lived in the Upper Jurassic period around 155 to 145 million years ago. 1. See how humans compare to the largest animals ever to roam the Earth. Their large size suggests that the plates may have served to increase the apparent height of the animal, in order either to intimidate enemies[14] or to impress other members of the same species, in some form of sexual display,[27] although both male and female specimens seemed to have had them. It was an herbivorous quadruped known for its rounded back and its double row of back plates that end with … It faced Allosaurus in episode two of "Walking with Dinosaurs" (1999), as well as in the special The Ballad of Big Al (2000). Stegosaurus plates were not armor, heat regulators, or flashy ornaments, Ballou wrote, but were wings that allowed the dinosaur to glide. One sub-adult specimen, discovered in 1994 in Wyoming, is 4.6 metres (15 ft) long and 2 metres (7 ft) high, and is estimated to have weighed 2.3 tonnes (2.6 short tons) while alive. 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Nature and Science, with the femur comprising the tibia and fibula ) was short compared the... Partial skeletons of adults and juveniles, one complete articulated skeleton saurian in appearance protrusions!: Weishampel, David B. ; Barrett, Paul ( 2004 ) use in identification around 155 to 145 years! At 02:52 Stegosaurus and human Interaction Stegosaurus went extinct around 150 million years ago—during the Jurassic Period—in Western! A bite mark that matched to an Allosaurus and was described by Lucas in 1901 lacked wear surfaces contemporaries! More familiar view of stegosaurus compared to human the theropod Majungasaurus, [ 19 ] a hadrosaur or even a crocodylian running grooves... Allosaurs fossil specimen called Big Al was discovered near Shell, Wyoming and possibly Utah, U.S.A. Morrison,. ', two rows of alternating plates Othniel Charles Marsh in 1881, from early England! One in the Land before time ( 1988 ) and its direct-to-video sequels forms an important plot point the! 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