Journal of Animal Ecology 78:247–252. It is likely that the Rusty-patched Bumble Bee uses other food sources as well. Assaying pollinator visitation to Solanum flowers. Winstona. Raine. Pollinator Conservation Handbook. Recently, B. affinis has been found in small numbers in isolated areas primarily in the northern part of its range. As a result their red–list does not provide any legal protection for the listed insects. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282:20151371. 2012. 2013b. Cited in Evans et al. FHWA Encourages States to Take Action in Achieving Pollinator Health. Orford, K.A., P.J. 2015. 2003; Tommasi et al. Weigelia florida* - P, Eupatorium maculatum - P In January of 2017, the U.S. Finally, some of the plants visited by the Rusty-patched Bumble Bee are prized by First Nations communities for their important medicinal properties (for example, Aralia, Rosa, Rubus and Spiraea) (COSEWIC 2010). Locating extant populations that have not yet been surveyed and identifying their critical habitat is necessary in order to achieve the population and distribution objectives. 30°C) (Heinrich 2004). Paterson, C. 2014. Study of the chronology of plant and animal life cycle events in relation to variations in temperature and climate. Wright. Jepson. II. Durrer, S. and P. Schmid–Hempel. 2008). The species is listed as critically endangeredFootnote 5 (CR) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2015). Carduus nutans* - P North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin No. 2015), showed that neonicotinoids can modify the behaviour of bumble bees (for example, pollen foraging ability) and reduce the colony growth rate as well as the production of queens. (2013) conducted a laboratory study on the effects of diesel exhaust pollution on honey bees and found that exhaust gases reduce the bees’ ability to recognize floral odours. Three pathogens found in Canada to date could be especially harmful to the Rusty-patched Bumble Bee. Pesticide residues and bees — a risk assessment. 1974. Biodiversity and Conservation 2012 (21):3585 to 3595. Kalmia – P and R.C. Not enough data are available on the species’ presence to be able to determine its current range (NatureServe 2015). In Europe, declines in bumble bee populations over the past 60 years have been driven primarily by habitat loss and decreases in floral abundance and diversity resulting from agricultural intensification (Goulson et al. 2007, c. 6) in 2007 and was included on the list of species likely to be designated threatened or vulnerable in Quebec (CQLR, c. E-12.01) in 2010. The federal, provincial and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996) agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. A schedule of studies (section 7.2; Table 5) has been developed which describes the activities required for the identification of additional critical habitat necessary to reach the population and distribution objectives. Comparison of the relative abundance of each bumble bee species collected in Southern Ontario from 1971–1973 (black) (Macfarlane 1974) and 2004–2006 (grey) (* indicates P < 0.001) (from Colla and Packer 2008). Pollination interactions in sympatric Dicentra species. (Fye and Medler 1954; Macfarlane 1974). 2013. Towards late summer, males and new queens are produced. Although currently it is not certain that the Rusty-patched Bumble Bee is in fact present anywhere else in Canada other than in Pinery Provincial Park in Ontario, the species could be present in other parts of its historical range which have not been recently surveyed, especially in Quebec. Hydrangea spp. November 2008. Bhattacharya, M., R.B. Techniques for increasing the amount of suitable habitat or enhancing habitat exist, as do techniques for reducing or mitigating the main threats that have been identified (for example, legislation regarding pesticide use, best management practices). 2006. Buchmann, M. Vaughan, and S.H. Bumble bee vulnerability: common correlates of winners and losers across three continents. 2003. Fine, M.T. This threshold represents the best achievable scenario for the Rusty-patched Bumble Bee. In Ontario, surveys were carried out in historical Rusty-patched Bumble Bee locations between 2002 and 2010 (Colla and Packer 2008; COSEWIC 2010; Colla and Taylor-Pindar 2011). North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 152:1 to 557. 2010; Park et al. The list of plant species provided in this appendix is based on available published records. A recent meta–analysis of environmental impacts upon bees has demonstrated that eusocial species are disproportionately affected by pesticides (Williams et al., submitted). Robinia spp. Knight, and D. Goulson. Peet, and A. Ladwig. Accurate land tenure will require cross referencing critical habitat boundaries with surveyed land parcel information. S. Colla searched the park specifically for B. affinis for 2 days in August (when colonies are expected to be at their peak) each year from 2005–2009. Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual- and colony-level traits in bees. 2013. Insects and pollinia. 36 ms. pages. Risk assessment should consider the benefits and the potential negative impacts related to ecological (for example, risks to source populations or ecosystems), social (for example, multiple jurisdictions), and economic aspects. Personal communication. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Canadian Entomologist 120:965–987. 2009. Spring emergence and floral hosts of Wisconsin bumblebees. 2005 in Jepsen et al. A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumblebees (Bombus), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91:161–188. Estimated percent of continuing decline in total number of mature individuals within either of 5 years or 2 generations. Nature 521:74 to 76. from 2005–2008. The PMRA is also continuing its re-evaluation of various classes of pesticides, including the neonicotinoid class, in collaboration with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Impatiens capensis (R. Gegear, personal communication with E. Evans, May 2008) Dicentra canadensis, D. cucullaria (Macior 1978b) In Walther-Hellwig and Frankl (2000), a maximum distance of 500 m was recorded for 43% of the sample size, while 25% of the sample size travelled a maximum distance of 1,750 m. More recent studies (Hagen et al. 1994). 2015. 2015. Inferred percent reduction in total number of mature, Not known with certainty but: minimum averaged over last three ten–year time periods 33% maximum >99%. As mentioned above, bumble bees are more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation than other animal species for genetic reasons (Packer and Owen 2001). IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota. in southern New Brunswick, Canada. 2006. A local population that is sufficiently abundant and well adapted to its environment for long-term persistence (in the face of demographic, genetic and environmental stochasticities, plus natural catastrophes) without significant ongoing management and investment of resources. This strategy also includes collaboration with the United States with regard to conservation of the species. Regulatory Note. Photograph of male specimen collected at Pinery Provincial Park, Ontario, 2005 (Photo by C. Ratti, York University). Journal of Animal Ecology 78:247 to 252. Evidence for decline in eastern North American bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with special focus on Bombus affinis Cresson. Mullin, C.A., M. Frazier, J.L. A list of the insects of New York, with a list of the spiders and certain allied groups. 2005. Protégeons les abeilles des applications de pesticides. Kosoir, A., W. Celary, P. Olejniczak, J. Fijal, W. Krol, W. Solarz, and P.Plonka. Based on data from 56 sites from 1900–1999 and 2000–2007, B. affinis declined in distribution by 33%. Definition of the (DD) category revised in 2006. For these reasons and based on the criteria that Environment and Climate Change Canada uses to determine recovery thresholds, it would be unrealistic to set population and distribution objectives that go beyond the minimum recovery threshold. Under the Species at Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c. 29) (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of recovery strategies for listed Extirpated, Endangered, and Threatened species and are required to report on progress within five years after the publication of the final document on the SAR Public Registry. Environment Canada, Ottawa. p. 247 to 257 in R. van der Ree, D.J. Lee, H., W. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig, and S. McMurray. Survey activities undertaken to fill these gaps are essential for assessing the current population size, for determining the distribution of the population, and for confirming whether the number of local populations needs to be increased. The results of this study could lead to a need to increase the amount of critical habitat identified. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:623–627. The following collections were consulted and all contain specimens of Bombus affinis: Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. This is due to the ‘diploid male extinction vortex’ (Zayed and Packer 2005). Torné-Noguera, A., A. Rodrigo, S. Osorio, and J. Bosch. [accessed February 2016]. Reason for designation This species, which has a distinctive colour pattern, was once commonly found throughout southern Ontario. (2015) reported that the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and the Buff-tailed Bumble Bee (Bombus terrestris) did not avoid sugar solutions containing neonicotinoids. The type of habitat, the diversity of flowering plants, the livestock species as well as the timing, intensity and duration of grazing are all factors that can influence how this practice affects flora and fauna (Gibson et al. Bombus affinis Cresson (1863) is a member of the well–known and economically important family Apidae, which includes, among others, all bumble and honey bees. Lastly, there are numerous studies published on the historical range of B. affinis which include only ON and QC in Canada (Milliron 1971; Laverty and Harder 1988; Evans et al. Climate change may cause adverse effects on bumble bees either through an increase in the frequency of extreme events (severe weather) or through gradual changes in average weather conditions (Jepsen et al. Gradual change in average weather can likewise have significant impacts on bumble bees. Passive dispersal of B. affinis by anthropogenic or other means is unlikely. Biodiversity Conservation 16:2103 to 2121. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094482. 2004. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 48:275 to 280. The lithosphere is the rigid outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. Subgenus Bombus, Canadian Entomologist 100: 156–164. Annual Review of Entomology 53:191 to 208. Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. For critical habitat located on other federal lands, the competent minister must either make a statement on existing legal protection or make an order so that the prohibition against destruction of critical habitat applies. (Extreme = 71 to 100%; Serious = 31 to 70%; Moderate = 11 to 30%; Slight = 1 to 10%; Negligible < 1%; Neutral or Potential Benefit ≥ 0%). Are roads and railroads barriers to bumblebee movement in a temperate suburban conservation area? Kerr, J. T., A. Pindar, P. Galpern, L. Packer, S.G. Potts, S.M. 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